Examples



mdbootstrap.com



 
Статья
2018

Electrochemical Behavior of an Anti-Viral Drug Valacyclovir at Carbon Paste Electrode and Its Analytical Application


Umesh S. DevarushiUmesh S. Devarushi, Nagaraj P. ShettiNagaraj P. Shetti, Shikandar D. BukkitgarShikandar D. Bukkitgar, Suresh M. TuwarSuresh M. Tuwar
Российский электрохимический журнал
https://doi.org/10.1134/S1023193518100026
Abstract / Full Text

Valacyclovir (VCH) is an antiviral drug, used in the management of viral infections such as herpes simplex and varicella-zoster in humans. It is rapidly converted to acyclovir which has antiviral activity against herpes simplex virus types 1 (HSV-1) and 2 (HSV-2) and Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) both in vitro and in vivo. Electrochemical behavior was studied using cyclic voltammetric method, and the analytical application was studied using differential pulse voltammetric technique. The process on the surface of electrode was found to be irreversible and diffusion controlled. The charge transfer coefficient, heterogeneous rate constant, the number of electron transferred and activation parameters were calculated. Possible free radical reaction mechanism taking place on the surface of electrode was proposed. Calibration plot constructed using differential pulse voltammetric technique and applied for quantitative analysis in pharmaceutical and human urine sample. Limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) were calculated and found to be 0.028 and 0.09 μM, respectively. The present work describes the electrochemical behavior of an antiviral drug, VCH and its determination in pharmaceutical samples. The method shows the development of a sensor for selective and sensitive determination of VCH.

Author information
  • Karnatak University’s Karnatak Science College, Department of Chemistry, Karnataka, Dharwad, 580001, IndiaUmesh S. Devarushi & Suresh M. Tuwar
  • Electrochemistry and Materials Group, Department of Chemistry, K.L.E. Institute of Technology, Hubballi-580030, Affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi, Karanataka, IndiaNagaraj P. Shetti & Shikandar D. Bukkitgar
References
  1. Beauchamp, L.M. and Krenitsky, T.A., Acyclovir prodrugs the road to valacyclovir, Drugs Future, 1993, vol. 18, p. 619.
  2. Beutner, K.R., Valacyclovir: a review of its antiviral activity, pharmacokinetic properties, and clinical efficacy, Antiviral Res., 1995, vol. 28, p. 281.
  3. Bengi, U., Sibel, A., and Zkana, O., Electro-oxidation of the antiviral drug valacyclovir and its square-wave and differential pulse voltammetric determination in pharmaceuticals and human biological fluids, Anal. Chem. Acta, 2006, vol.555, p. 341.
  4. Kasiari, M., Evagelos, G., Georgakakou, S., Kazanis, M., and Panderi, I., Selective and rapid liquid chromatography/negative-ion electro spray ionization mass spectrometry method for the quantification of valacyclovir and its metabolite in human plasma, J. Chromatogr., 2008, vol. 864, p.78.
  5. Ravi, K., Ramadass, R.J., Aravinda Raj, R., and Parloop, A., An LC–MS–MS method for the simultaneous quantitation of acyclovir and valacyclovir in human plasma, Chromatographia, 2009, vol. 70, p. 407.
  6. Gerda, M., Friedrichsen, W.C., Mikael, B., Chao-Pin, L., and Philip, L.S., Synthesis of analogs of L-valacyclovir and determination of their substrate activity for the oligopeptide transporter in Caco-2 cells, Eur. J. Pharm. Sci., 2002, vol. 16, p. 1.
  7. Patil, G.D., Yeole, P.G., Puranik, M., and Wadher, S.J., A validated specific reverse phase liquid chromatographic, method for the determination of valacyclovir in the presence of its degradation products in bulk drug and in tablet dosage form, Int. J. Chem. Technol. Res., 2009, vol. 1, p. 16.
  8. Jadhav, A.S., Pathare, D.B., and Shingare, M.S., Development and validation of enantioselective high performance liquid chromatographic method for Valacyclovir, an antiviral drug in drug substance, J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal., 2007, vol. 43, p. 1568.
  9. Shetti, N.P., Malode, S.J., and Nandibewoor, S.T., Electrochemical behavior of an antiviral drug acyclovir at fullerene-C 60-modified glassy carbon electrode, Bioelectrochemistry, 2012, vol. 88, p. 76.
  10. Shetti, N.P., Nayak, D.S., Malode, S.J., and Kulkarni, R.M., Electrochemical sensor based upon ruthenium doped TiO2 nanoparticles for the determination of flufenamic acid, J. Electrochem. Soc., 2017, vol. 164, no. 5, p. 3036.
  11. Genxi, L. and Peng, M., Theoretical Background of Electrochemical Analysis Electrochemical Analysis of Proteins and Cells, Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer, 2013.
  12. Khoobi, A., Ghoreishi, S.M., Masoum, S., and Behpour, M., Multivariate curve resolution-alternating least squares assisted by voltammetry for simultaneous determination of betaxolol and atenolol using carbon nanotube paste electrode, Bioelectrochemistry, 2013 vol. 94, p. 100.
  13. Mokhtari, A., Karimi-Maleh, H., Ensafi, A.A., and Beitollahi, H., Application of modified multiwall carbon nanotubes paste electrode for simultaneous voltammetric determination of morphine and diclofenac in biological and pharmaceutical samples, Sens. Actuators, B, 2012, vol. 169, p. 96.
  14. Diaz, C., Garcia, C., Iturriaga-Vasquez, P., Aguirre, J.M., Muena, J.P., Contreras, R., Ormazabal-Toledo, R., and Isaacs, M., Experimental and theoretical study on the oxidation mechanism of dopamine in n-octyl pyridinium based ionic liquids–carbon paste modified electrode, Electrochim. Acta, 2013, vol. 111, p. 846.
  15. Gholivand, M.B. and Mohammadi, B.L., Fabrication of a highly sensitive sumatriptan sensor based on ultrasonic-electrodeposition of Pt nanoparticles on the ZrO2 nanoparticles modified carbon paste, J. Electroanal. Chem., 2014, vol. 712, p. 33.
  16. Mazloum, A.M., Beitollahi, H., Amini, M.K., Mirkhalaf, F., and Abdollahi-Alibeik, M., New strategy for simultaneous and selective voltammetric determination of norepinephrine, acetaminophen and folic acid using ZrO2 nanoparticles-modified carbon, Sens. Actuators, B, 2010, vol. 151, p. 243.
  17. Raoof, J.B., Ojani, R., and Beitollahi, H., L-cysteine voltammetry at a carbon paste electrode bulk-modified with ferrocenedi carboxylic acid, Electroanalysis, 2007, vol. 19, p. 1822.
  18. Christian, G.D. and Purdy, W.C., The residual current in orthophosphate medium, J. Electroanal. Chem., 1962, vol. 3, p. 363.
  19. Bukkitgar, S.D. and Shetti, N.P., Electrochemical behavior of anticancer drug 5-fluorouracil at carbon paste electrode and its analytical application, J. Anal. Sci. Technol., 2016, vol. 7, p. 1.
  20. Nayak, D.S. and Shetti, N.P., Electro-oxidation of a food dye fast green FCF and its analytical applications, Anal. Bioanal. Electrochem., 2016, vol. 8, p. 38.
  21. Shetti, N.P., Malode, S.J., and Nandibewoor, S.T., Electro-oxidation of captopril at a gold electrode and its determination in pharmaceuticals and human fluids, Anal. Methods, 2015, vol. 7, p. 8673.
  22. Nayak, D.S. and Shetti, N.P., Voltammetric response and determination of an anti-inflammatory drug at a cationic surfactant-modified glassy carbon electrode, J. Surfactants Deterg., 2016, vol. 19, no. 5, p. 1071.
  23. Bukkitgar, S.D. and Shetti, N.P., Electrochemical behavior of an anticancer drug 5-fluorouracil at methylene blue modified carbon paste electrode, Mater. Sci. Eng., 2016, vol. 65, p. 262.
  24. Nayak, D.S. and N.P., A novel sensor for a food dye erythrosine at glucose modified electrode, Sens. Actuators, B, 2016, vol. 230, p. 140.
  25. Devarushi, U.S., Shetti, N.P., Tuwar Suresh, M., and Seetharamappa, J., Electrochemical oxidation and thermodynamic parameters for an anti-viral drug valacyclovir, Anal. Bioanal. Electrochem., 2017, vol. 9, p. 102.
  26. Nayak, D.S. and Shetti, N.P., Electrochemical oxidation of provitamin B 5, d-panthenol and its analysis in spiked human urine, J. Anal. Sci. Technol., 2016, vol. 7, no. 1, p. 1.
  27. Topal, B.D., Palabiyir, B.B., Uslu, B., and Ozkan, S.A., Multiwalled carbon nanotutes modified glassy carbon electrode as voltammetric sensor for sensitive determination of anti viral drug valganciclovir in pharmaceuticals, Sens. Actuators, B, 2013, vol. 177, p. 841.
  28. Hegde, R.N., Kumara Swamy, B.E., Shetti, N.P., and Nandibewoor, S.T., Electro-oxidation and determination of gabapentin at gold electrode, J. Electroanal. Chem., 2009, vol. 635, p. 51.
  29. Jain, R. and Rather, J.A., Voltammetric determination of antibacterial drug gemifloxacin in solubilized systems at multi-walled carbon nanotubes modified glassy carbon electrode, Colloids Surf., B, 2011, vol. 83, p. 340.
  30. Bukkitgar, S.D. and Shetti, N.P., Electro-oxidation of nimesulide at 5% barium-doped zinc oxide nanoparticle modified glassy carbon electrode, ChemistrySelect, 2016, vol. 1, no. 4, p. 771.
  31. Kolthoff, I.M., Meehan, E.J., and Carr, E.M., Mechanism of initiation of emulsion polymerization by per sulfate, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1953, vol. 75, pp. 1439–1441.
  32. Brown, E.R. and Large, R.F., Physical Methods of Chemistry, Weissberger, A. and Rossiter, B.W., Eds., NewYork: Wiley, 1964.
  33. Shetti, N.P., Katrahalli, U., and Nayak, D.S., Electrochemical behavior of xanthene food dye erythrosine at glassy carbon electrode and its analytical applications, Asian J. Pharm. Clin. Res., 2015, vol. 8, no. 4, p. 125.
  34. Bockris, J.O’M., Reddy, A.K.N., and Gamboa-Aldeco, M., Modern Electochemistry, Vol. 2A: Fundamentals of Electrodes, 2nd ed., New York: Academic/Plenum, 2000.
  35. Moore, W.J., Physical Chemistry, 5 ed., New Delhi: Orient Longman Pvt Ltd., 2004, p. 502.
  36. Potnuru, V.G., Reddy, K.Y., Arjun, C.H., Prasanthi, P., Ramya, K.M., and Sekhar, C.E., Formulation and evaluation of valacyclovir hydrochloride microcapsules, J. Pharm. Anal., 2012, vol. 1, p. 13.
  37. Rao, K.S. and Sunil, M., Stability-indicating liquid chromatographic method for valacyclovir, Int. J. Chem. Technol. Res., 2009, vol. 1, p. 702.
  38. Sugumaran, M., Bharathi, V., Hemachander, R., and Lakshmi, M., RP-HPLC method for the determination of valacyclovir in bulk and pharmaceutical formulation, Pharma Chemica, 2001, vol. 3, p. 190.
  39. Bengi, U., Ozkan, S.A., and Senturk, Z., Electrooxidation of the antiviral drug valacyclovir and its squarewave and differential pulse voltammetric determination in pharmaceuticals and human biological fluids, Anal. Chim. Acta, 2006, vol. 555, p. 341.