Examples



mdbootstrap.com



 
Статья
2021

First Naphthometers to Determine the Flash Point of Liquids: II. Semiсlosed Testers


S. G. AlexeevS. G. Alexeev, V. V. SmirnovV. V. Smirnov, N. M. BarbinN. M. Barbin
Российский журнал общей химии
https://doi.org/10.1134/S1070363221030191
Abstract / Full Text

The American oil revolution of 1859 and the invention of a kerosene lamp contributed to the onset of the kerosene era when candle lighting was replaced by kerosene. The side effect of this was the growth of fires and explosions due to the use of unsafe kerosene. There was a need to develop criteria for safe kerosene. The fire (burning) and flash point of kerosene were chosen as such indicators. The first stage of creating instruments to determine these indicators began in 1862 and ended at the beginning of the 20th century. This stage is characterized by the development of apparatuses of various designs, one of which were “semiclosed” testers. The first naphthometers (by Smith–Jones, Parrish, Biel, Granier, Tagliabue, Elliott, Wisconsin, Foster, Luchaire, Millspaugh, Skalweit, Parrish-Engler, Engler, Heumann Leybold, Braun, Mann, Saybolt and Ehrenberg) are considered in the article. Many of these devices have not survived to our days and are undeservedly forgotten.

Author information
  • Science and Engineering Center “Reliability and Resource of Large Systems and Machines”, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 620049, Yekaterinburg, RussiaS. G. Alexeev
  • Ural Institute of the State Fire Service of EMERCOM of Russia, 620062, Yekaterinburg, RussiaV. V. Smirnov
  • Ural State Agrarian University, 620075, Yekaterinburg, RussiaN. M. Barbin
References
  1. Alexeev, S.G., Smirnov, V.V., and Barbin, N.M., Russ., J. Gen. Chem., 2021, vol. 91, no. 3, p. 495. https://doi.org/10.1134/S107036322103018X
  2. White, E.W., The Practice of Flash Point Determination: A Laboratory Resource, Montemayor, R.G., Ed., West Conshohocken: ASTM International. 2013.
  3. Smith, H.J. and Jones, W., USA Patent 35184, 1862.
  4. Parrish, E., Proceedings of the American Pharmaceutical Association at the Tenth Annual Meeting Held in Philadelphiam Philadelphia: Merrihew&Thompson, 1862, p. 206.
  5. Parrish, E., Fresenius’ Zeitschrift für Analytische Chemie, 1864, vol. 3, p. 228.
  6. Lisenko, K.I., Neftyanoe proizvodstvo, sostavlennoe po noveishim dannym (Oil Production Based on the Latest Data), St. Petersburg: Tipografiya brat. Panteleevykh, 1878.
  7. Thorpe, E., A Dictionary of Applied Chemistry, New York: Longmans, Green, and Co., 1913, vol. 4, p. 139.
  8. Smolenskii, P.O., Prosteishie sposoby izsledovaniya i otsenki dobrokachestvennosti s’’estnykh pripasov, napitkov, vozdukha, vody, pochvy, zhilishch, osvetitel’nykh materialov i proch. (Simplest Ways to Investigate and Assess the Goodness of Food, Drinks, Air, Water, Soil, Dwellings, Lighting Materials, etc.), Przhibytek, S.A., Ed., St. Petersburg: Tipografiya Ya. Trei, 1908, vol. 1
  9. Redwood, B., Petroleum, London: Charles Griffin & Company, Ltd., 1913.
  10. Allen, I.C. and Crossfield, A.S., Technical Paper no. 49. Petroleum Technology no. 10. Department of Interior. Bureau of Mines, Washington: Government Printing Office, 1913.
  11. Tagliabue, G., USA Patent, 1862.
  12. Elliott, A.H., Report of State Board of Health of New York no. 45, Albany: Weed, Parsons and Co., Printers, 1882.
  13. Chandler, C.F., Thirty-Second Annual Report of the American Institute of the City of New York, for the Year 1871–72, Albany: The Argus Co., Printers, 1872, p. 199.
  14. Brannt, W.T., Petroleum together with the Occurrence and Uses of Natural Gas, Hoefer, H. and Veith, A., Eds., Philadelphia: Henry Carey Baird & Co. 1895, p. 426.
  15. Clark, E., First Annual Report of the Board of Health of the Health Department of the City of New York, New York: The New York Printing Co., 1871, p. 512.
  16. Peckham, S.F., Report on the Production, Technology, and Uses of Petroleum and Its Products, Washington: Census Office, 1884, p. 223.
  17. Annual Report of the American Institute of the City of New York for the Years 1862,’63, Albany: Comstock & Cassidy, Printers, 1863, p. 50.
  18. Fitzpatrick, F.W., Hardy, E.R., Pierce, D., Condron, T.L., Rainey, H.E.C., Nuckolls, A.H., Robinson, J.A., McKeon, P.J., Dean, A.F., Stratton, S.W., Hobbs, G.M., White, J.M., Waite, E.B., Caut, R.E., Trow, H.C., Boorne, W.C., Strawbridge, C.H., and Shepherd, J.M., Cyclopedia of Fire Prevention and Insurance, Chicago: American Technical Society, 1912, vol. 3.
  19. Dolinin, V.K., Gorn. Zh., 1887, vol. 1, p. 442.
  20. Redwood, B., Petroleum, London: Charles Griffin & Company Ltd., 1922, vol. 3.
  21. Jensen, W.B., Museum Notes, 2015, no. 31 (March/April), p. 1.
  22. Redwood, B. and Holloway, G.T., Petroleum, London: Charles Griffin & Co., Ltd., 1896, vol. 2.
  23. Millspaugh, P., USA Patent 127259, 1872.
  24. Skalweit, J. and Wagner, A., Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie, 1881, vol. 20, no. 1, p. 305. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01374745
  25. Firma, E., Leybold’s Nachfolger in Köln a. Rh., D.R.P. Patent 25185, 1883.
  26. Braun, O., D.R.P. Patent 19757, 1881.
  27. Dinglers Polytechnisches Journal. 1883, vol. 247, p. 27.
  28. Dinglers Polytechnisches Journal, 1891, vol. 281, p. 21.
  29. Mann, S.S., USA Patent 204235, 1878.
  30. Merrill, R.S.P., The American Chemist, 1876 (October), p. 121.
  31. Saybolt, G.M., USA Patent 218066, 1879.
  32. Saybolt, G.M., USA Patent 245568, 1881.
  33. Braun, O., D.R.P. Patent 14022, 1880.
  34. Dinglers Polytechnisches Journal, 1882, vol. 243, p. 476.
  35. Braun, O. D.R.P. Patent 18076, 1881.
  36. Journal of the Society of Chemical Industry, 1884, vol. 3., p. 235.
  37. Catalog, A.A., Chemical and Metallurgical Laboratory Supplies and Assayers’ Materials, New York: Eimer & Amend, 1920, p. 384.
  38. Bulletin 70. Department of Commerce and Labor. Bureau of the Census, Washington: Government Printing Office, 1907, p. 57.
  39. Manufactures 1905. Department of Commerce and Labor. Bureau of the Census, Washington: Government Printing Office, 1908, pt. 4, p. 614.
  40. Hicks, J.A., The Laboratory of Mineral Oil Testing, London: Charles Griffin and Co. Ltd., 1906.
  41. Gill, A.H., A Short Hand-Book of Oil Analysis, Philadelphia, London: J.B. Lippincott Co., 1909.
  42. Standard Methods of Chemical Analysis, Scott, W.W., Ed., New York: D. van Nostrand Co., 1920, p. 567.
  43. Nuckolls, A.H., Chemistry of Combustion. Instruction Paper, Chicago: American School of Correspondence, 1914.
  44. Stillman, T.B., Engineering Chemistry: A Manual of Quantitative Analysis for the Use of Students, Chemists and Engineers, Easton: Chemical Publishing Co., 1900, p. 395.
  45. Scott, W.W., Standard Methods of Chemical Analysis, London: The Technical Press Ltd. 1939, vol. 2, p. 1702.
  46. Hamor, W.I. and Padgett, F.W., The Technical Examination of Crude Petroleum, Petroleum Products and Natural Gas, New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co. Inc., 1920, p. 68.
  47. Illustrated Wholesale Catalogue, New York: Eimer & Amend, 1902, p. 183.
  48. Syshhenko, A.F., RF Patent 2282181, 2006.
  49. Mikheev, G.M., RF Patent 2178885, 2002.
  50. Gorel’tsev, M.L. and Lifshits, L.M., RF Patent 625153, 1978.