Determination of p-Dimethylaminobenzaldehyde by Using a Briggs–Rauscher Electrochemical Oscillator
W. Uddin, M. Y. Nawabi, S. Ur. Rehman, G. Hu, J. Khan, X. Shen
Russian Journal of Electrochemistry
https://doi.org/10.1134/S1023193521110094
We introduced a novel technique for monitoring the activity of analytes for the first time. The technique is built upon the inhibitory effect caused by the free-radical-scavengers on the pattern of novel Briggs–Rauscher (BR) electrochemical oscillator catalyzed by tetra-aza-macrocyclic complex catalyst ([NiL](ClO4)2. The ligand “L” in the complex is 5,7,7,12,14,14-hexamethyl-1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradeca-4,11-diene. The effect involves a sudden ceasing of oscillation, an inhibition time (tin) that directly proportional to the amount of additive (p-Dimethylaminobenzaldehyde (p-DMAB)) added, and subsequent restoration of oscillations. Thus, a linear regression curve between concentrations range of 2.7 × 10–7 mol L–1 to 4.5 × 10–6 mol L–1 p-DMAB Vs tin was achieved with a correlation coefficient of 0.98. The observed limit of detection (LOD) is 2.7 × 10–7 mol L–1 while the RSD calculated from 7 measurements of 2.5 × 10–6 mol L–1 p-DMAB is 1.5%. Factors that influence the determination of p-DMAB were also studied. The mechanistic interpretation of the perturbed oscillation was anticipated from both NF and FCA models. A fleeting elucidation is that the intermediate species (HOO•) produced during oscillatory reactions and reacted with p‑DMAB. As a result, the oscillation was temporarily ceased.
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei, ChinaW. Uddin, M. Y. Nawabi, G. Hu & X. Shen
- Office of Research Innovation and Commercialization (ORIC), Bahria University, Karachi Campus, PakistanW. Uddin
- College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Nanhai Ave. 3688, Shenzhen, Guangdong, P. R. ChinaS. Ur. Rehman
- Department of Physics, Khushal Khan Khattak University, Karak, PakistanJ. Khan
- Sies, H., Oxidative stress: oxidants and antioxidants, Exp. Physiol. Transl. Integr., 1997, vol. 82, p. 291.
- Dixon, S.J. and Stockwell, B.R., The role of iron and reactive oxygen species in cell death, Nat. Chem. Biol., 2014, vol. 10, p. 9.
- Draper, H.H. and Bird, R.P., Antioxidants and cancer, J. Agric. Food Chem., 1984, vol. 32, p. 433.
- Formanek, Z., Kerry, J.P., Higgins, F.M., Buckley, D.J., Morrissey, P.A., and Farkas, J., Addition of synthetic and natural antioxidants to α-tocopheryl acetate supplemented beef patties: effects of antioxidants and packaging on lipid oxidation, Meat Sci., 2001, vol. 58, p. 337.
- Liu, H., Qiu, N., Ding, H., and Yao, R., Polyphenols contents and antioxidant capacity of 68 Chinese herbals suitable for medical or food uses, Food Res. Int., 2008, vol. 41, p. 363.
- Cervellati, R., Höner, K., Furrow, S.D., Neddens, C., and Costa, S., The Briggs–Rauscher reaction as a test to measure the activity of antioxidants, Helv. Chim. Acta, 2001,vol. 84, p. 3533.
- Uddin, W., Hu, G., Hu, L., Hu, Y., Fang, Z., Ullah, S., Sun, X., Shen, X., and Song, J., Identification of two positional isomers between ortho-vanillin and para-vanillin by their inhibitory effects on a Briggs–Rauscher oscillator, Int. J. Electrochem. Sci., 2017, vol. 12, p. 4193.
- Uddin, W., Hu, G., Hu, L., Hu, Y., Fang, Z., Ullah, R., Sun, X., Zhang, Y., and Song, J., Identification of twoaromatic isomers between 2-and 3-hydroxy benzoic acid by using a Briggs–Rauscher oscillator, J. Electroanal. Chem., 2017, vol. 803, p. 135.
- Zhang, Y., Hu, G., Hu, L., and Song, J., Identification of two aliphatic position isomers between α-and β-ketoglutaric acid by using a Briggs–Rauscher oscillating system, Anal. Chem., 2015, vol. 87, p. 10040.
- Briggs, T.S. and Rauscher, W.C., An oscillating iodine clock, J. Chem. Educ., 1973, vol. 50, p. 496.
- Field, R.J., Koros, E., and Noyes, R.M., Oscillations in chemical systems. II. Thorough analysis of temporal oscillation in the bromate-cerium-malonic acid system, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1972, vol. 94, p. 8649.
- Yatsimirskii, K.B., Tikhonova, L.P., Zakrevskaya, L.N., Lampeka, Y.D., and Kolchinskii, A.G., New oscillating chemical reactions involving copper and nickel tetraazamacrocyclic complexes, React. Kinet. Catal. Lett., 1982, vol. 21, p. 381.
- Hu, L., Hu, G., and Xu, H.H., Kinetic determination of Ag+ using a novel Belousov–Zhabotinskii oscillating system catalyzed by a macrocyclic complex, J. Anal. Chem., 2006, vol. 61, p. 1021.
- Zhang, W., Uddin, W., Hu, G., Hu, L., and Fang, Z., Identification of four isomers of dihydroxynaphthalene by using a Briggs–Rauscher oscillating system, J. Electroanal. Chem., 2018, vol. 823, p. 378.
- Curtis, N.F., Some metal-ion complexes with ligands formed by reaction of amines with aliphatic carbonyl compounds. Part I. Nickel(II) and copper(II) complexes formed by the diaminoethane-acetone reaction, J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans., 1972, no. 13, p. 1357.
- Furrow, S.D. and Aurentz, D.J., Reactions of iodomalonic acid, diiodomalonic acid, and other organics in the Briggs–Rauscher oscillating system, J. Phys. Chem. A, 2010, vol. 114, p. 2526.
- Milos, M. and Makota, D., Investigation of antioxidant synergisms and antagonisms among thymol, carvacrol, thymoquinone and p-cymene in a model system using the Briggs–Rauscher oscillating reaction, Food Chem., 2012, vol. 131, p. 296.
- Hu, G., Zeng, Q., Hu, Y., Shen, X., and Song, J., Determination of eugenol by using a Briggs–Rauscher system catalyzed by a macrocyclic nickel(II) complex, Electrochim. Acta, 2014, vol. 136, p. 33.
- Sazou, D., Diamantopoulou, A., and Pagitsas, M., Conditions for the onset of current oscillations at the limiting current of the iron electrodissolution in sulfuric acid solutions, Russ. J. Electrochem., 2000, vol. 36, p. 10.
- Parkhutik, V.P., Oscillations of open circuit potential during immersion plating of silcon in CuSO4/HF solutions, Russ. J. Electrochem., 2006, vol. 42, p. 512.
- Yang, X., Chen, S., Wang, C., and Li, L., Effect of microenvironment on the potentiostatic-current oscillation of iron electrode in sulfuric acid solution, Russ. J. Electrochem., 2006, vol. 42, p. 491.
- Hermans, T.M., Stewart, P.S., and Grzybowski, B.A., J. Phys. Chem. Lett., 2015, vol. 6, p. 760.
- Noyes, R.M. and Furrow, S.D., The oscillatory Briggs–Rauscher reaction (3): a skeleton mechanism for oscillations, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1982, vol. 104, p. 45.
- Kepper, P.D. and Epstein, I.R., Mechanistic study of oscillations and bistability in the Briggs–Rauscher reaction, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1982, vol. 104, p. 49.
- Vukojević, V., Sørensen, P.G., and Hynne, F., Predictive value of a model of the Briggs–Rauscher reaction fitted to quenching experiments, J. Phys. Chem., 1996, vol. 100, p. 17175.
- Furrow, S.D., Cervellati, R., and Amadori, G., New substrates for the oscillating Briggs–Rauscher reaction, J. Phys. Chem. A, 2002, vol. 106, p. 5841.
- Fujisawa, S., Atsumi, T., Kadoma, Y., and Sakagami, H., Antioxidant and prooxidant action of eugenol-related compounds and their cytotoxicity, Toxicology, 2002, vol. 177, p. 39.